Appendices - Hirohito's War


A.	Submarines: America Draws Tight the Noose December 1941 – August 1945 [Charts: A.1]
	Planned Submarine Attack on the Panama Canal, The Failure of Japanese Submarine Design, Wasteful Dissipation of Japanese Submarine Force, Japanese Submarine Cargo Missions to Europe, Japanese Submarines’ Disappointing ‘Kill’ Performance, Japan’s ‘Long Lance’ Jockeys, Newport Torpedo Station, Rear Admiral Charles Lockwood, US Submarine Achievements in the Pacific War, The Failure of Japanese Counter-Submarine Strategy, The Missed Opportunity [Photos]

B.	Oil, Raw Materials and Logistics: 'Just Start Swinging' December 1941 to August 1945 [Charts: B.1, B.2 ]
	Logistics of Oil in the Asia Pacific War, America’s T-2 Tanker, Japan’s Oil Tanker Fleet, Raw Materials Issues of the US Economy, Liberty Ships ‘to go’, Attack Cargo Ships, LSTs and Higgins Boats, Japan’s Cargo Ship Problems, Japan’s Air Force Logistics, US Supply Logistics in the Asia Pacific Region, Operation Olympic and Japan’s Logistical Denouement [Photos]

C.	Economics of the Pacific War: The 'New Deal' Mobilized [Charts: C.1, C.2, C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6, C.7, C.8, C.9, C.10, C.11, C.12, C.13, C.14, C.15 ]
	Management of the US Wartime Economy, Guns and Butter, Inflation and ‘General Max’, Production Line and Management Systems, Productivity, Entrepreneurs, Management, Labor, Blacks and Women, Managing the Scientists, Expansion of America’s Productive Capacity, US Aircraft Production, Tanks, Artillery, Trucks, Ordnance and the Problem of Obsolescence, Electronics, Radio, and Radar, Was the Depression a Boon or Hindrance to US War Mobilization?, Japan’s Wartime Economy, Conclusion [Photos]

D.	‘Victory Disease’: The Japanese Empire: From Co-Prosperity to Tyranny [Charts: D.1, D.2 ]
	The Four Phases of Japan’s Imperial Expansion, The Economics and Philosophy of Japan’s Co-Prosperity Sphere, Old Empire, Taiwan, Korea and Manchuria, The Structures of Japan’s New Empire, Slave Labor in Japan and in the Field, Cruelty and Suppression, Prisoners of War, The Psychology of Brutality, Unit 731 and the Secrets of Medical Experimentation, Conclusion, [Photos]

E.	Typhoons and Divine Winds: Kamikaze [October 1944 to August 1945] [Charts: E.1 ]
	Introduction, Halsey: After Leyte Gulf, Kamikaze: Individual Beginnings, The Formal Adoption of a Kamikaze as a Strategy, Recruitment, Motivation and Training, Japanese Government Propaganda, Developments in Kamikaze Technology and the US Response, Naval Kamikaze and Yamato’s Suicide Mission, US Defense Tactics, Fight to the Death and Operation KETSU (Decisive), Admiral Ugaki, The Last Kamikaze, The Cost and Effectiveness of the Kamikaze Campaign, Kamikaze: A Unique Japanese Phenomenon? [Photos]

F.	American Intelligence in the Pacific War
	ULTRA [Photos]

G.	Could Japan Have Won the Pacific War?
	Introduction , Distance, Logistics and Extension of Power , Mobilization, Logistics, Isolationism and the Will to Fight , Weapons that could have won Japan the War , Strategies for Japanese Victory , Conclusion

H.	Month by Month Timeline of the Pacific War [December 1941 - August 1945]

I.	The 'Pacific War': Sundry Tables and Lists

J.	Pacific War Photographs

K.	The Battle of Hong Kong
	Hong Kong [Photos]

L.	The Battles of Attu and Kiska
	Attu and Kiska [Photos]

M.	Aircraft Carriers in the Pacific War
	Summary, Comparison of Pacific War Aircraft Carriers, Essex Class Carriers, US Light Carriers, Japanese fleet carriers [Photos]

N.	The Role of Oil in the Pacific War [Charts: N.1, N.2, N.3, N.4, N.5]
	Oil’s Early History, Development of the Oil Industry in the United States, Royal Dutch Shell, The Growth of Oil Fired Engines in the Marine Industry, The Rise of the Automobile, Tanks and Trucks Transform Battlefield Mobility, Aviation Gasoline, Interwar Development of the Aeronautical Industry, Global Oil Output, Oil and the Decision for War, Conclusion [Photos]

O.	Japanese - Soviet Conflict in Siberia, Mongolia and Manchuria [April 1945–5 September 1945] [Maps: 39.1, 39.2, 39.3, 39.4, 39.5, 39.6]
	Introduction, Russo-Japanese Relations from the Late Nineteenth Century, The Trans-Siberian Railway Transforms the Geopolitics of Northeast Asia, The Battle of Lake Khasan and Amur River Clashes, The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact, The Yalta Conference, Japanese Preparations for the Defense of Manchuria, Deployment of Soviet Forces, Soviet Invasion of Northwest Manchuria from Mongolia, Invasion of Northeast Manchuria from Far Eastern Siberia, The Battle of Mutanchiang, The Battle of Sakhalin Island, The Occupation of the Kuril Islands The Significance of the Soviet Invasions

APPENDIX N: THE ROLE OF OIL IN THE PACIFIC WAR

Development of the Oil Industry in the United States: In the United States Edwin Drake, a farmer’s son whose career started on America’s burgeoning mid-19^th Century railroads, who founded Seneca Oil Company and drilled the first well producing 25 barrels a day at Oil Creek in Pennsylvania in 1859. It sparked the first American oil rush. George Bissel, the original promoter of Seneca Oil wrote, “The whole population are crazy almost… I never saw such excitement.”¹ With the rapid global depletion of sperm whale stocks by the middle of the 19^th Century, the arrival of a new source of premium illumination oil was well timed. A year after Drake’s discovery the first handbook on oil noted, ‘As an illuminator the oil is without a figure: it is the light of the age.’² In addition the increasing mechanization of manufacture was creating a demand for a more hard-wearing lubricant than lard. The civil war barely interrupted the scramble for oil and indeed encouraged it in the north, which found itself cut off from supply of camphene, a cheap illuminating oil derived from turpentine (a distillation from pine trees).

In the next great oil rush in Ohio, the twenty one year old J.D. Rockefeller, established the Standard Oil Company in 1861. He went on to develop a multi-state business, which became the dominant name in the industry – by the mid-1980s his three refineries in Cleveland, Philadelphia and Bayonne (New Jersey) produced 25 percent of the world supply of kerosene. Rockefeller’s dominance was such that Congress ordered Standard Oil’s breakup in 1911.

The increase in demand for kerosene for lighting had brought rapid growth. Annual production in 1861 had amounted to 2,000 barrels, and expanded to 4.2m barrels ten years later. By the end of the century US production had grown to 57m barrels and still demand was not satisfied. More oil discoveries led to the rapid development of the industry in Oklahoma, Texas and California. The discovery of a major field at Beaumont in Texas in 1901 sparked an oil boom. Within a few years it spawned the Texas Oil Company (later Texaco) and Gulf Oil - names that were to become synonymous with the industry. In 1911 the Humble Oil Company (later Exxon) was established.

In the early part of the 20^th Century, as news of the liquid gold spread, fields were developed with American finance and entrepreneurial knowhow in Persia and Venezuela. Europeans also jumped onto the new bandwagon, and Royal Dutch Shell began to develop oilfields in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia and Iraq), South America, California and the Dutch East Indies. By the late 1920 Shell had become the world’s largest oil company. By the first decade of the 20^th Century oil had developed into one of America’s major industrial concerns.

If the growth of the oil industry was spectacular up to World War II, its ascent was even more dramatic thereafter. Three major technological innovations would spur its growth. The development of the internal combustion engine for motorized transportation, the development of aviation and the development of diesel engines would transform the outlook for the oil industry. World War I served as a catalyst for change for all three technologies.

Appendices - Hirohito's War

APPENDIX N: THE ROLE OF OIL IN THE PACIFIC WAR

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